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The Internationaler Sozialistischer Kampfbund ("International Socialist Militant League") was a socialist split-off from the SPD during the Weimar Republic and was active in the German Resistance against Nazism. == History == The ''Internationaler Sozialistischer Kampfbund'' (ISK) was a political organization founded by Göttingen philosopher Leonard Nelson and educator Minna Specht.〔(About the founding of the ISK ) "Minna Specht: Politische und pädagogische Arbeit", Philosophisch-Politische Akademie e.V. Retrieved July 1, 2010 〕 Nelson and Specht had previously founded the International Socialist Youth League in 1917 and was supported by Albert Einstein.〔("Fate and work of a Jewish psychiatrist and psychotherapist" ) Internet Publication für General and Integrative Psychotherapy (October 16, 2006) Retrieved July 2, 2010〕 Nelson, a neo-Kantian hochschule teacher, had long wanted to teach at a university and also work politically. He advocated a brand of socialism that was ethically motivated, anti-clerical and anti-Marxist, but also undemocratic and included strict vegetarianism and a defense of animal rights. Nelson decided to establish the ISK after members of the ISYL were expelled from the Communist Party in 1922 and the Social Democratic Party in 1925. The ISK took over the ISYL's publishing label, ''Öffentliches Leben'', which published the ISK newsletter beginning January 1, 1926. Beginning January 1929, an edition in Esperanto was added, and in April, a small circulation quarterly in English was added as well. It was usually eight pages and editions ran an average of 5,000 to 6,000 copies. Nelson moved his main published works there as well, his philosophical and political series ''Öffentliches Leben'' and his 1904 treatises, "''Abhandlungen der Fries’schen Schule, Neue Folge''", re-reasoned with mathematician Gerhard Hessenberg and physiologist Karl Kaiser, and which, after Nelson's death, was continued by Nobel Prize winner Otto Meyerhof, sociologist Franz Oppenheimer and Minna Specht until 1937. With the growing electoral success of the Nazis at the end of the Weimar Republic, the ISK founded the newspaper, ''Der Funke'' to confront the situation. Of particular note was the "Urgent Call for Unity" (''Dringender Appell für die Einheit'') regarding the July 1932 federal election. It appeared in the newspaper and on placards all over Berlin. Calling for unity and support of the SPD and the KPD in order to thwart further gains by the Nazis, it was signed by 33 leading German intellectuals, including scientists Albert Einstein, Franz Oppenheimer, Emil Gumbel, Arthur Kronfeld, the artist Kathe Kollwitz, writers Kurt Hiller, Erich Kästner, Heinrich Mann, Ernst Toller and Arnold Zweig and many others.〔("Dringender Appell für die Einheit" ) (PDF) ''Der Funke'', No. 147 A, Berlin (June 25, 1932). Retrieved July 6, 2010 〕 The ISK continued to work in the resistance after the 1933 Nazi ban. The ISK had destroyed all written party records and until 1938, remained undetected, while the larger parties, the KPD and SPD, were being battered by massive arrests. The ISK was therefore able to continue its resistance work, helping political refugees leave the country, conducting sabotage and distributing leaflets. In 1938, however, a wave of arrests hit the ISK.〔Frédéric Stephan, (''Ideas about Europe in the German and French Resistance to National Socialism from 1933/40 to 1945'' ) (PDF) Dissertation in two files (abstract in English at the end of file 2), pp. 51-52 University of Stuttgart, Faculty of Humanities. Retrieved July 9, 2010 〕 A main focus of the work was the attempt to build a clandestine trade union, the ''Unabhängige Sozialistische Gewerkschaft'' ("Independent Socialist Union"), which also supported the Internationale Transportarbeiter-Föderation ("International Federation of Transport Workers").〔Thomas Tretzmüller, ("Sozialistische Europapläne während des 2. Weltkriegs am Beispiel des Internationalen Sozialistischen Kampf-Bundes und der Socialist Vanguard Group" ) University of Vienna, official website. Internetgestützten Lehre (IGL) am Institut für Geschichte. Retrieved July 9, 2010 〕 The ISK's best known act of resistance was the sabotage of the opening of the Reichsautobahn on May 19, 1935. The night before Hitler's trip to inaugurate the new highway, ISK activists wrote anti-Hitler slogans, such as "Hitler = War" and "Down with Hitler", on all the bridges along the route between Frankfurt am Main and Darmstadt, where he was to travel.〔Wolfgang Benz, (''Geschichte des Dritten Reiches'' ) Verlag C.H. Beck, Munich (2000) pp. 120-121. ISBN 3-406-46765-2 Retrieved July 14, 2010 〕 The Nazi propaganda film produced of the event had to be edited numerous times. In exile, the ISK also published the ''Reinhart Briefe'' ("Reinhart Letters") and ''Sozialistische Warte'', which were then smuggled into Germany. Because of their factual and unpolemical reporting, were valued by various members of the German Resistance. The ISK was linked with the Socialist Vanguard Group in England and the ''Internationale Militante Socialiste'' in France. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Internationaler Sozialistischer Kampfbund」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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